Winter, 2010: Whittemore Peterson Institute Resear

Dr. Judy Mikovits, research director for the
Whittemore Peterson Institute at the University
of Nevada, Reno, vowed in childhood to
find a cure for cancer following her grandfather's
early death from lung cancer. Although
she has yet to accomplish that lofty goal, in
her quest to solve the riddle of one of the most
pernicious and deadly diseases known to
humankind, she has fortuitously made a major
breakthrough in understanding the origins of
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, a debilitating disease
that affects more than one million people
in the United States.
In October, the Whittemore Peterson
Institute announced that a recently identified
retrovirus called the “XMRV virus” had been
linked to the neuro-immune disease, Myalgic
Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
(ME/CFS). An infection with XMRV
virus was detected in 67 out of 101 patients
tested in the study.
Mikovits-whose patients
affectionately call
her “Dr. Judy”-along
with Whittemore Peterson
Institute colleagues
and collaborators from the National Cancer
Institute and the Cleveland Clinic, recently
published their groundbreaking findings in
the journal, Science, one of the world's leading
journals of original scientific research, global
news and commentary.
Researchers speculate that XMRV infection
of certain immune system cells causes the
chronic inflammation and immune deficiency
that these patients exhibit, thereby resulting in
their inability to mount an effective immune
response to opportunistic infections.
“This is an incredibly significant discovery
for those with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, and
it has important implications for the world of
science and medicine,” said University President
Milton Glick. “Scientific breakthroughs
are often iterative, and a finding of this magnitude
can lead to additional discoveries and
new research frontiers.”
In less than three years since she was hired
as the research director at the Whittemore
Peterson Institute, Mikovits and her team
have identified a genetic susceptibility marker
to Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, developed
a cytokine signature describing Chronic
Fatigue Syndrome as an inflammatory disease,
produced a sensitive and accurate test for coinfections,
and described an abnormal number
of pathogens in this population. Taken together
these biomarkers reveal the significant
number of biological challenges that ME/CFS
patients face.
These unique findings led Mikovits to
encourage her team to keep looking for an
underlying pathogen capable of producing
the disease. She enlisted the help of eminent
retrovirologist, Dr. Frank Ruscetti of the
National Cancer Institute, Dr. Bob Silverman
of the Cleveland Clinic, Dr. Vincent Lombardi
'06Ph.D. (biochmeistry) of the Whittemore
Peterson Institute, and many other collaborators.
Since that time, Mikovits' team has found
that more than two-thirds of the samples are
antibody positive.
This finding could be life-changing for the
17 million sufferers of ME/CFS worldwide. It
not only creates the strongest link to a biological
cause of disease in patients with ME/CFS
but has implications for an untold number of
other diseases as well. The discovery of XMRV
as a human infectious pathogen may give rise
to a new field of medicine. Finding XMRV to
be infectious and replicating in blood samples
supports the need for new diagnostic tools for
its detection, and the development of effective
treatments to end the destructive cycle of
disease, including the cancers that patients
commonly suffer.
In contrast to HIV, which is a complex
retrovirus, XMRV is a simple retrovirus,
making it an easier target for the development
of a preventative vaccine. “It's not going
to be easy, but it's going to be easier,” to find a
vaccine or drugs to target XMRV compared
to HIV, said Mikovits.
Mikovits spent more than 20 years at the
National Cancer Institute in Frederick, Md.,
earning her doctorate in biochemistry and
molecular biology and investigating mechanisms
by which retroviruses dysregulate the
delicate balance of cytokines-secreted
substances that carry signals from cell to cell-
in the immune response. Later in her career
there, her work helped in the development of
novel therapeutic agents for AIDS and AIDSassociated
malignancies (Kaposi's sarcoma).
She agreed to work in Reno after attending
a presentation by Dr. Daniel Peterson, medical
director of the Whittemore Peterson Institute,
in which he discussed an unusually large number
of rare cancers that occur in patients with
long-standing Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.
“I met and talked to several patients and I
became convinced that I could help,” Mikovits
says. “I truly thought this work would not only
lead to the answers to these patients' illnesses,
but it might also lead us to the discovery of
another new viral cause of cancer.”
In addition, Mikovits was moved by talking
to Annette Whittemore '74 (elementary education/
special education), founder and president
of the Whittemore Peterson Institute, whose
daughter, Andrea, has suffered for many years
from Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.
In the fall of 2006, the Whittemore Peterson
Institute hired Mikovits to lead a unique
program of translational research. She began
forming a comprehensive research plan using
her extensive background in immunology
and virology. Armed with this intriguing
By Nicole Frost,
freelance writer for
the Whittemore
Peterson Institute
Whittemore Peterson Institute researcher makes
major breakthrough in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Nevada Silver & Blue o Winter 2010
13
data, she began contacting her many friends
at the National Institutes of Health to join in
these efforts.
Mikovits realized that the field of neuroimmune
disease lacked a comprehensive biological
research program that could answer the
many questions of patients and their doctors,
but she faced longstanding prejudice in the
medical community against even recognizing
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome as a bona fide
disease. “There's a significant lack of federal
funding and an institutional bias against biological
research of ME/CFS and other neuroimmune
diseases, which has created incredible
hurdles to basic research for years,” she says.
“We believe that situation will change with the
knowledge of this important viral link.”
Nonetheless, she engaged the world's best
virologists, immunologists, microbiologists,
geneticists and epidemiologists. Using the latest
scientific technologies, which were acquired
by the Whittemore Peterson Institute through
private and federal funding, she opened her lab
on the University campus and set the research
program in motion.
“I have a strong team of the world's best
scientists and the financial support of the
Whittemore Peterson Institute, coupled with
the University's supportive environment,”
she notes. “All of these factors allowed us to
begin our research without waiting years for a
federal grant to fund. I also work with a great
team of young scientists from this University,
including Dr. Vincent Lombardi, Katy Hagen,
Max Miller and Dr. Isabel Silvestre.”
Formally trained as a cell biologist, molecular
biologist and virologist, Mikovits has
studied the immune response to retroviruses
and herpes viruses. In addition, she has coauthored
more than 40 peer-reviewed publications
that address fundamental issues of viral
pathogenesis, the production of blood cells and
cytokine biology.
Ironically, Mikovits may soon realize her
childhood dream of curing cancer-since finding
a cure for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome will
also cure the cancers associated with it-while
also helping millions of people who suffer from
chronic neuro-immune diseases. When asked
what's next on her agenda, she says:
“In the world of science a new discovery
brings more questions than answers. We
will continue our studies to determine what
other diseases are impacted by this virus and
define the human immune defects related to
XMRV infection. I am also interested in codeveloping
diagnostic tools and new effective
treatments. Many of these studies are already
underway in our lab. I tease Annette that I
am going back to the beach [Mikovits lived in
Ventura, Calif. prior to moving to Reno]. But
she knows that I am committed to helping
her find the answers for Andrea and all the
other patients before I leave.” nN

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